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synchrotron light source
:''This article is mostly concerned with the laboratory production and applications of synchrotron radiation. For details of physics of emission and properties, see synchrotron radiation.''
A synchrotron light source is a source of electromagnetic radiation (EM) usually produced by a storage ring,〔''Handbook on Synchrotron Radiation'', Volume 1a, Ernst-Eckhard Koch, Ed., North Holland, 1983, reprinted at "(Synchrotron Radiation Turns the Big Five-O ) 〕 for scientific and technical purposes. First observed in synchrotrons, synchrotron light is now produced by storage rings and other specialized particle accelerators, typically accelerating electrons. Once the high-energy electron beam has been generated, it is directed into auxiliary components such as bending magnets and insertion devices (undulators or wigglers) in storage rings and free electron lasers.
These supply the strong magnetic fields perpendicular to the beam which are needed to convert high energy electrons into photons.
The major applications of synchrotron light are in condensed matter physics, materials science, biology and medicine. A large fraction of experiments using synchrotron light involve probing the structure of matter from the sub-nanometer level of electronic structure to the micrometer and millimeter level important in medical imaging. An example of a practical industrial application is the manufacturing of microstructures by the LIGA process.
==Brilliance==
When comparing x-ray sources, an important measure of quality of the source is called ''brilliance''.
〕 Brilliance takes into account:
#Number of photons produced per second
#The angular divergence of the photons, or how fast the beam spreads out
#The cross-sectional area of the beam
#The photons falling within a bandwidth (BW) of 0.1% of the central wavelength or frequency
The resulting formula is:
:
The greater the brilliance, the more photons of a given wavelength and direction are concentrated on a spot per unit of time.
In most x-ray literature, the units for brilliance appear as:
:photons/s/mm2/mrad2/0.1%BW.
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